The Human Tissues
Reference Book:
Anatomy & PhysiologyThe Unity Of Form And Function
Ninth Edition;Kenneth S. Saladin
Lecture delivered by
Dr Vini Gautam
Lecturer
Department of Biomedical Engineering
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Kinds of tissues in human body:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous and Muscular (excitable) tissue
Tissue growth
Tissue development
Stem cells
Tissue repair and degeneration
Clinical application: stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine
My own research
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Cells > tissues > organs
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© McGraw Hill
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Epithelia aresheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick
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Functions:
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Simple epithelia
Stratified epithelia
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Simple squamous epithelium
Figure 5.4
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a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
Figure 5.5
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a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education
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Simple columnar epithelium
Figure 5.6
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a:Ed Reschke/Getty Images
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Pseudostratified epithelium
Figure 5.7
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a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education
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Keratinized stratified squamous
Figure 5.8
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a:©Ed Reschke
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Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Figure 5.9
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a:©Ed Reschke
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Figure 5.10
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a:Lester V. Bergman/Corbis NX/Getty Images
© McGraw Hill
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A diverse type of tissue in whichcells occupy less space than matrix
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Functions of connective tissues:
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Fibers of fibrous connective tissue:
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Areolar tissue
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Reticular tissue
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Dense regular connective tissue
Figure 5.16
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Dense irregular connective tissue
Figure 5.17
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Adipose tissue
a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education
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Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix
Gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx
Chondroblasts—cartilage cells that produce the matrix thatwill trap them
Chondrocytes—cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae(cavities)
Perichondrium—sheath of dense irregular connective tissuethat surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (notarticular cartilage)
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No blood vessels (avascular)
Matrix rich in GAGs and contains collagen fibers
Types of cartilage vary with fiber composition
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Hyaline cartilage
a:©Ed Reschke
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Elastic cartilage
a:©Ed Reschke
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Fibrocartilage
a:Dr.AlvinTelser
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Bone (osseous) tissue is acalcifiedconnective tissue
Two forms of osseous tissue:
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Compact bone is arranged in cylinders that surround central(osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts oflong bones
Bone matrix deposited in concentric lamellae
a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education
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a:©Ed Reschke
© McGraw Hill
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Ability to respond to stimuli bychanging membrane potential
E.g. nerve cells, muscles
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https://alleninstitute.org/
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Neuron
Nih.gov; qbi.uq.edu.au
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Muscular tissue—elongated cells that are specialized tocontract in response to stimulation
Creates movements involved in body and limb movement,digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and bloodcirculation
Important source of body heat
Three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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Skeletal muscle
Figure 5.25
a:©Ed Reschke
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Cardiac muscle
Figure 5.26
a:©Ed Reschke
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Smooth muscle
Figure 5.27
a:McGraw-Hill Education/DennisStrete, photographer
© McGraw Hill
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Tissue growth—increasing the number of cells or size ofexisting cells
Hyperplasia—growth through cell multiplication
Hypertrophy—enlargement of preexisting cells
Neoplasia—development of a tumor (neoplasm)
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Tissues can change types within certain limits:
Differentiation= development of more specialized form andfunction by unspecialized tissue
Metaplasia= changing from one type of mature tissue toanother
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Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing anyspecialized function
Image credit: Wikipedia
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Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells—undifferentiated cells found in mature organs
Image credit: Novus biologicals
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Damaged tissues are naturally repaired in two ways:
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Atrophy—shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size ornumber; occurs in normal aging or lack of use
Necrosis—pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, orinfections
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Apoptosis—programmed cell death
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Parkinson’s disease
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Image credit: Stem Cell Technologies
Example: neurological diseases
Possibilities include treatments for:parkinson, brain cell loss, diabetes, heartdamage, and spinal cord injury
Due to ethics and limited availability of ESCs, methods to induce adult cells (e.g. frompatients) to revert to embryonic levels
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Kinds of tissues in human body:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous and Muscular (excitable) tissue
Tissue growth
Tissue development
Stem cells
Tissue degenerationand death
Clinical application: stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine
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DrViniGautam
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Neural tissue engineering
Neuro-regeneration
Scaffolds
Stem cells therapies
Biosensors
Bioelectronics
Nanomedicine
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Research Directions
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Neuroregenerative
Treatments and implants
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10 μm
4 μm
10 μm
Inset 1
Inset 2
SEM images of cortical neuron from E14.5 (2 daysin-vitro)
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intracellular
extracellular
e.g. Individually addressable nanowire electrodes
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Human derived cortical cells on NW scaffolds
Brain organoids (courtesy: UCLA)
Stem cells from patients + brain organoids + nanotechnology