Week 1, Lecture 3

The Human Tissues

Reference Book:

Anatomy & PhysiologyThe Unity Of Form And Function

Ninth Edition;Kenneth S. Saladin

Lecture delivered by

Dr Vini Gautam

Lecturer

Department of Biomedical Engineering

2

Lecture Outline

Kinds of tissues in human body:

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Nervous and Muscular (excitable) tissue

Tissue growth

Tissue development

Stem cells

Tissue repair and degeneration

Clinical application: stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine

My own research

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Introduction

Cells > tissues > organs

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The Primary Tissue Classes

© McGraw Hill

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Epithelial Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of the nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the vaginal lining.
(a) The classes of epithelia are simple, stratified and pseudostratified.
(b) Cell shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.

Epithelia aresheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick

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Epithelial Tissue1

(a) The classes of epithelia are simple, stratified and pseudostratified.
(b) Cell shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.

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Epithelial Tissue2

Functions:

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Epithelial Tissue3

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Epithelial Tissue4

Simple epithelia

Stratified epithelia

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

(a) Light microscope view of the single layer of squamous epithelial cells comprising the serosa of the small intestine.

Simple squamous epithelium

Figure 5.4

Access the text alternative for slide images.

a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

(a) Light microscope view of the single layer of cuboidal cells lining the kidney tubules.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Figure 5.5

Access the text alternative for slide images.

a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

(a) Light microscope view of the single layer of columnar cells lining the inside surface of the small intestines.

Simple columnar epithelium

Figure 5.6

Access the text alternative for slide images.

a:Ed Reschke/Getty Images

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Pseudostratified Epithelium

(a) Light microscope view of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the inside surface of the trachea.

Pseudostratified epithelium

Figure 5.7

Access the text alternative for slide images.

a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education

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Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

(a) Light microscope view of the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the sole of the foot.

Keratinized stratified squamous

Figure 5.8

Access the text alternative for slide images.

a:©Ed Reschke

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Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

(a) Light microscope view of the nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the vaginal lining.

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Figure 5.9

Access the text alternative for slide images.

a:©Ed Reschke

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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

(a) Light microscope view of the stratified cuboidal epithelium lining a sweat gland duct.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Figure 5.10

Access the text alternative for slide images.

a:Lester V. Bergman/Corbis NX/Getty Images

© McGraw Hill

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Connective Tissue

A diverse type of tissue in whichcells occupy less space than matrix

(a) Light microscope view of fibrocartilage.
(b) Drawing of fibrocartilage.
(a) Light microscope view of a blood peripheral smear.
(b) Drawing of a blood peripheral smear.

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Connective Tissue: Overview1

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Connective Tissue: Overview2

Functions of connective tissues:

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Fibrous Connective Tissue2

Fibers of fibrous connective tissue:

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Areolar Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of areolar connective tissue in a spread of the mesentery.
(b) Drawing of areolar connective tissue in a spread of the mesentery.

Areolar tissue

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Reticular Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of reticular connective tissue in the spleen.
(b) Drawing of reticular connective tissue in the spleen.

Reticular tissue

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of dense regular connective tissue in a tendon.
(b) Drawing of dense regular connective tissue in a tendon.

Dense regular connective tissue

Figure 5.16

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis of the skin.
(b) Drawing of dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis of the skin.

Dense irregular connective tissue

Figure 5.17

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Adipose Tissue

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Adipose Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of adipose tissue in the breast.
(b) Drawing of adipose tissue in the breast.

Adipose tissue

a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education

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Cartilage1

Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix

Gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx

Chondroblastscartilage cells that produce the matrix thatwill trap them

Chondrocytescartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae(cavities)

Perichondriumsheath of dense irregular connective tissuethat surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (notarticular cartilage)

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Cartilage2

No blood vessels (avascular)

Matrix rich in GAGs and contains collagen fibers

Types of cartilage vary with fiber composition

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Hyaline Cartilage

(a) Light microscope view of hyaline cartilage.
(b) Drawing of hyaline cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage

a:©Ed Reschke

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Elastic Cartilage

(a) Light microscope view of fibrocartilage.
(b) Drawing of fibrocartilage.

Elastic cartilage

a:©Ed Reschke

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Fibrocartilage

(a) Light microscope view of fibrocartilage.
(b) Drawing of fibrocartilage.

Fibrocartilage

a:Dr.AlvinTelser

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Bone1

Bone (osseous) tissue is acalcifiedconnective tissue

Two forms of osseous tissue:

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Compact Bone

(a) Light microscope view of a tissue section of compact bone.
(b) Drawing of a tissue section of compact bone.

Compact bone is arranged in cylinders that surround central(osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts oflong bones

Bone matrix deposited in concentric lamellae

a:DennisStrete/McGraw-Hill Education

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Blood

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Blood Smear

(a) Light microscope view of a blood peripheral smear.
(b) Drawing of a blood peripheral smear.

a:©Ed Reschke

blood | Definition, Composition, & Functions | Britannica

© McGraw Hill

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Excitable tissues

Ability to respond to stimuli bychanging membrane potential

E.g. nerve cells, muscles

(b) Drawing of a neuron and glial cells of a spinal cord smear.

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Nervous and Muscular TissuesExcitable Tissues

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Nervous Tissue1

https://alleninstitute.org/

Rethinking which cells are the conductors of learning and memory | Science  News
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Types of neurons

Nervous Tissue2

Neuron

What are the parts of the nervous system? | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver  National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Nih.gov; qbi.uq.edu.au

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Muscular Tissue

Muscular tissueelongated cells that are specialized tocontract in response to stimulation

Creates movements involved in body and limb movement,digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and bloodcirculation

Important source of body heat

Three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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Skeletal Muscle Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of skeletal muscle tissue.
(b) Drawing of skeletal muscle tissue.

Skeletal muscle

Figure 5.25

a:©Ed Reschke

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of cardiac muscle tissue.
(b) Drawing of cardiac muscle tissue.

Cardiac muscle

Figure 5.26

a:©Ed Reschke

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Smooth Muscle Tissue

(a) Light microscope view of smooth muscle tissue.
(b) Drawing of smooth muscle tissue.

Smooth muscle

Figure 5.27

a:McGraw-Hill Education/DennisStrete, photographer

© McGraw Hill

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Tissue growth, development, degeneration, repair

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Tissue Growth

Tissue growthincreasing the number of cells or size ofexisting cells

Hyperplasiagrowth through cell multiplication

Hypertrophyenlargement of preexisting cells

Neoplasiadevelopment of a tumor (neoplasm)

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Tissue Development

Tissues can change types within certain limits:

Differentiation= development of more specialized form andfunction by unspecialized tissue

Metaplasia= changing from one type of mature tissue toanother

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Stem Cells1

Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing anyspecialized function

Image credit: Wikipedia

Cellular differentiation - Wikipedia

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Embryonic stem cells

Adult stem cellsundifferentiated cells found in mature organs

Stem cells have diverse differentiation potential and may be classified as totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent or unipotent.

Image credit: Novus biologicals

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Tissue Repair

Damaged tissues are naturally repaired in two ways:

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Tissue Degeneration and Death1

Atrophyshrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size ornumber; occurs in normal aging or lack of use

Necrosispathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, orinfections

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Tissue Degeneration and Death2

Apoptosisprogrammed cell death

Morphological cell changes during apoptosis (42) | Download Scientific  Diagram

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Example: neurodegenerative diseases

Parkinson’s disease

Flow chart of neurodegeneration and hot points for Parkinson's disease therapy
healthy brain versus alzheimers brain

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Stem cells therapy and regenerative medicine

Image credit: Stem Cell Technologies

Modeling Neurological Disease

Example: neurological diseases

Possibilities include treatments for:parkinson, brain cell loss, diabetes, heartdamage, and spinal cord injury

Due to ethics and limited availability of ESCs, methods to induce adult cells (e.g. frompatients) to revert to embryonic levels

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Topics covered today

Kinds of tissues in human body:

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Nervous and Muscular (excitable) tissue

Tissue growth

Tissue development

Stem cells

Tissue degenerationand death

Clinical application: stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine

55

My own research

DrViniGautam

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Neural tissue engineering

Neuro-regeneration

Scaffolds

Stem cells therapies

Biosensors

Bioelectronics

Nanomedicine

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Research Directions

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Macintosh HD:Users:vinigautam:Dropbox:NW-neurons:gift_v2.EPS
Macintosh HD:Users:vinigautam:Dropbox:NW-neurons:gift_v2.EPS

Neuroregenerative

Treatments and implants

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NWs_15-04-16_008.tif

10 μm

NWs_15-04-16_005.tif

4 μm

NWs_15-04-16_009.tif

10 μm

Inset 1

Inset 2

SEM images of cortical neuron from E14.5 (2 daysin-vitro)

Guiding how neurons grow

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intracellular

extracellular

e.g. Individually addressable nanowire electrodes

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Human derived cortical cells on NW scaffolds

Related image

Brain organoids (courtesy: UCLA)

Stem cells from patients + brain organoids + nanotechnology